In order to discover the law of rural households’ capital inputs to cultivated land during the process of urbanization, this paper analyzes the impact of family structure on rural households’ capital inputs to cultivated land based on the questionnaire survey of 488 rural households in 6 counties of Jianghan Plain and Dabieshan Mountain. The result shows that agricultural production target of rural households is dominated by arable land resources endowment, and the target is to gain maximal profits in the region affluent in arableland resources, which is mainly to meet the needs of family members’ life. The impact of family structure on rural households’ capital inputs to cultivated land is dominated by arableland resources endowment. At present, market of agricultural production factors in countryside is not active, there has been reciprocal influence between production decisions and consumption decisions of rural households. Therefore, this paper points out that it is very important for governments to consider farmers’ production and consumption, actively promot agricultural mechanization and enhance cultural and technical qualifications of agricultural labourers.