Abstract:Based on the longitudinal data from Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey of 1997,2000,2004,2006,this paper discusses the regional and gender differences of the elderly agricultural labor supply.The results show that there are great regional and gender differences between the elderly agricultural working hours.From east to west in China,old males take more agricultural labor time,especially in the poor western provinces such as Guizhou Province.Gender differences of old persons’ agricultural labor time has been taken on regional differences.In contrast,old males in middle rural regions and old females in western rural regions work for the longest time.This paper finally puts forward some policy suggestions that new rural pension system should be carried out in accordance with the regional and gender differences.